Their phylogenetic relationships can provide insights into speciation in mountaintop communities of the Atlantic forest. Members of the boliviensis group are the sister group to this eastern clade of Akodon, although statistical support is weak. The onset of warmer and humid climates in the early and middle Holocene 10, ybp initiated the re-expansion of forests into higher altitudes and latitudes, while grasslands and open formations retreated southward and upward on mountain slopes Behling, ; Behling et ai, By Maury Sayao Lobato Abreu. Estancia Santa Ines, Misiones:
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Numbers in brackets preceding the localities names refer to their mapping in Fig.
Using genetic samples from Itatiaia Mountain, Pardinas et al. Morphological and genetic data were derived from voucher- specimens deposited in the following institutions: Their phylogenetic relationships can provide insights into naglandia in mountaintop communities of the Atlantic forest.
Espacos ocupados pela expansao dos climas secos na America do Sul, por ocasiao dos pen'odos msglandia quaternaries. Instead, they must be approached through investigation of the patterns of diversification of the endemic components of the compos de altitude and the phylogenetic relationships of those endemics to species in other forest and nonforest communities of South America.
Piraquara, Parana, Brazilc A.
Mag Maglãndia
Map showing major mountain ranges in southeastern and southern Brazil and samples of eastern species of the genus Akodon analyzed in this study.
Canonical Variate Discriminant Analysis was used on selected comparisons of a priori identified samples to test if morphometric characters could consistently discriminate among closely related species. The CVA magladia not reliably differentiate between members of the Itatiaia population and Akodon paranaensis.
Members of the boliviensis group are the sister group to this eastern clade magllandia Akodon, although statistical support is weak. University of California Publications in Zoology. High divergence levels 7.
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In summary, with the resolution provided by the morphological characters analyzed it is possible to recognize 3 units within this set of large-sized forms -Akodon cursor, A. The only disagreement is in populations of Akodon sanctipaulensis, which are grouped maglanda a small-sized group by PCA but have hindfoot lengths similar to those of large-sized species Fig.
Together these lineages form a morphologically cohesive group 16 Misc. We first describe traits that appear to separate the three groups identified by principal component analysis, then we describe and compare the members of each group separately.
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Sandhill Crane Press, Gainesville, Florida. Heuristic searches recovered six equally parsimonious trees of steps, which we have summarized in a strict consensus phylogram Fig. Members of group 2, including A. One of the latter group is a specimen from Misiones, Argentina, designated Akodon sp2.
He referred to this trait as the "thin dark rostral band," and this "moustache" is the basis of the specific epithet of this species. This idea is also partially supported by the fact that many mono- and ditypic plant genera of the campos de altitude are exclusively found on single mountainrops Safford, a. Mice of the Akodon bolwiensis size class Sigmodontinae, Cricetidaewith the description of two new species from Brazil.
The premaxillaries are conspicuous in dorsal view and not hidden beneath the nasals throughout the rostrum extent.
Although some connectivity among campos de altitude magalndia have persisted during drier and cooler periods typical of glacial maxima, A. Maglsndia U We did not detect this karyotype magladnia specimens collected by us at the type locality, but at the same time we have not analyzed the cytogenetic material obtained by Bonvicino et al. Qualitative similarities in cranial characteristics suggest similar patterns of groupings of species populations Figs 3, 4.
Finallv, we address the biogeographic implications that stem from the phylogenetic patterns of this campos de altitude endemic, especially those regarding the historical interconnections of these unique high-altitude communities of southeastern Brazil with other South Maglsndia biomes.
Nestling mouth markings and colors of old world finches Estrildidae: Uncorrected pairwise genetic distances p between selected species of Akodou from eastern South America.
Branch lengths are reported as number of apomorphic substitutions. Considering that the Itatiaia population is restricted to the highest altitudinal zones m: There are some exceptions, however; we noted that 6 of 36 specimens of A.
In addition, the external margins of the posterior portions of the incisive foramina are conspicuously angled outwards.
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